Pigmentation refers to the coloring of the skin, which is determined by the production and distribution of melanin – the pigment responsible for giving our skin its color. Specialized cells called melanocytes produce melanin. These cells are in the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin).
Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to developing certain pigmentation irregularities.
Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy (melasma or chloasma) or due to hormonal disorders can cause an increase in melanin production, resulting in dark patches on the skin.
Inflammation caused by acne, injuries, or skin conditions like eczema can stimulate melanocytes, leading to dark spots or patches as the skin heals.
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can trigger the production of excess melanin, leading to dark spots or patches on the skin known as sunspots or solar lentigines.
Cryotherapy involves freezing the pigmented areas with liquid nitrogen, causing the dark spots to fade gradually.
Using broad-spectrum sunscreen daily and wearing protective clothing can prevent further pigmentation and protect the skin from UV damage.
Prescription-strength or medical-grade topical medications containing ingredients like hydroquinone, retinoids, azelaic acid, kojic acid, or vitamin C can help lighten pigmented areas over time.
